Research hypotheses and questions free essay sample

It is guessed that first grade young ladies will show preferable perusing understanding over first grade young men. In Example 1, the creator is foreseeing that the individual in question will discover higher appreciation among young ladies than young men. To test it, a nonexperimental study would be fitting since nothing in the speculation recommends that medicines will be given. A straightforward examination speculation predicts a connection between two factors. From your investigation of factors, it ought to be evident that the two factors in Example 1 will be (1) sexual orientation and (2) understanding perception. The speculation expresses that perusing appreciation is identified with sex. Model 2 is a speculation for a test study. Model 2 It is guessed that kids who circular segment indicated a video with mellow viciousness will be more forceful on the play area than the individuals who are demonstrated a comparative video without the savagery. In Example 2, the autonomous variable is brutality (gentle versus none), and the needy variable is forcefulness on the play area. We will compose a custom exposition test on Examination speculations and questions or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The speculations in Examples 1 and 2 are instances of directional theories. In a directional theory, we anticipate which gathering will be higher or have a greater amount of something. Some of the time we have a nondirectional theory. Think about Example 3. Model 3 It is conjectured that the kid raising acts of Tribe An are unique in relation to those of Tribe B. The creator of Example 3 is stating that there will be a distinction however doesn't anticipate the bearing of the distinction. This is entirely satisfactory when there is no reason for making an informed supposition. Rather than a nondirectional speculation, we may express an examination reason. Model 4 shows an exploration reason that relates to the nondirectional theory in Example 3. Model 4 The reason for existing is to investigate the distinctions in childrearing rehearses between Tribe An and Tribe B. An examination question may likewise be fill in for a nondirectional speculation. Model 5 shows an examination question that relates to the nondirectional theory in Example 3. Model 5 The exploration question is â€Å"How do the childrearing rehearses in Tribe An and Tribe B vary? † When utilizing an examination question as the reason for research, we generally ought to be mindful so as not to state it as an inquiry that can be replied with a straightforward â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no,† as is done in Example 6. Model 6 The inquiry is, â€Å"Do the kid raising practices in Tribe An and Tribe B contrast? † Example 6 just asks â€Å"do they contrast? † This is definitely not an extremely fascinating exploration question. Model 5 is unrivaled on the grounds that it asks â€Å"how do they contrast? † The decision between a nondirectional speculation, an exploration reason, and an examination question, is simply a matter of individual taste†all are adequate in mainstream researchers. Obviously, when we are happy to anticipate the result of an examination, we should express a directional theory. In the event that you’ve read research reports, you may have experienced references to another sort of hypothesisâ€the invalid speculation. This is a measurable speculation, which will be investigated straightaway. EXERCISE 1. Which sort of proclamation (theory, reason, or question) predicts the result of an examination? 2. â€Å"It is guessed that undergrads who have firm vocation objectives accomplish higher GPAs than the individuals who don't have firm profession objectives. † Is this a directional or nondirectional speculation? 3. Would a trial or nonexperimental study be better for testing the speculation being referred to 2? 4. â€Å"It is guessed that offspring of outsiders and offspring of local conceived residents will vary in their perspectives toward school. † Is this a directional or nondirectional theory? 5. â€Å"The objective of this examination is to look at school students’ mentalities toward religion. † Is this announcement a theory or reason? 6. â€Å"Are offspring of drunkards distinctive in their social change than offspring of non-heavy drinkers? † Is this examination question expressed fittingly? Why? Why not? 7. When we are eager to foresee the result of an investigation, would it be advisable for us to express a directional or nondirectional speculation? Inquiries for Discussion 8. Rehash this speculation as an exploration reason: â€Å"It is estimated that there is a distinction in work fulfillment between the individuals who get customary criticism on their activity execution and the individuals who get unpredictable input. † 9. Is the theory being referred to 9 directional or nondirectional? Clarify. 10. Could an analysis be directed to test the theory being referred to 8? Clarify. 11. Rehash this theory as an exploration question: â€Å"It is guessed that the individuals who practice normally and the individuals who don't practice routinely will contrast in different practices that influence wellbeing. † ANSWERS 1. theory 2. directional 3. nonexperimental 4. nondirectional 5. reason 6. no, in light of the fact that it is expressed in a manner that can be addressed yes or no 7. directional 8. Test answer: The object is to investigate contrasts in work fulfillment between the individuals who get normal input on their activity execution and the individuals who get sporadic criticism. 9.â nondirectional on the grounds that it doesn't foresee which gathering will have more prominent occupation fulfillment 10. Test answer: indeed, in light of the fact that we could genuinely control the consistency of criticism 11. Test answer: How do the individuals who practice consistently and the individuals who don't contrast in different practices that influence wellbeing? Prologue TO THE NULL HYPOTHESIS Suppose we drew irregular examples of architects and clinicians, regulated a self-report proportion of friendliness, and figured the mean (the most regularly utilized normal) for each gathering. Besides, assume the mean for engineers is 65. For instance, possibly the analysts were reached during December, when numerous get-togethers occur and the designers were reached during a miserable February. The best way to preclude inclination as a clarification is to find a way to forestall it. For this situation, we would need to ensure that the friendliness of the two gatherings was estimated similarly simultaneously. 3. Maybe the populaces of analysts and specialists are the equivalent yet the examples are unrepresentative of their populaces as a result of arbitrary testing blunders. For example, the irregular draw may have given us an example of therapists who are increasingly agreeable, all things considered, than their populace. The third clarification has a name †it is the invalid theory. The general structure where it is expressed changes from scientist to specialist. Here are three forms, which are all predictable with one another: Version An of the invalid theory: The watched distinction was made by inspecting mistake. (Note that the term examining mistake alludes just to arbitrary errorsâ€not blunders made by an inclination. ) Version B of the invalid theory: There is no evident contrast between the two gatherings. (The term genuine contrast alludes to the distinction we would discover in an evaluation of the populaces, that is, the distinction we would discover if there were no testing mistakes. ) Version C of the invalid theory: The genuine contrast between the two gatherings is zero. Centrality tests decide the likelihood that the invalid speculation is valid. (We will consider the utilization of explicit essentialness tests in future weeks. ) Suppose for our model, we utilize an essentialness test and find that the likelihood that the invalid theory is genuine is under 5 out of 100; this would be expressed as p

Robert Frost Essays - The Road Not Taken, Robert Frost, Choice

Robert Frost Robert Frost Try not to follow where the way may lead... Go rather where there is no way and leave a path. - Robert Frost Everybody is an explorer, picking the streets to follow on the guide of their nonstop excursion, life. There will never be a straight way that leaves one with however a sole course where to head. Notwithstanding the first message that Robert Frost had planned to pass on, his sonnet, The Road Not Taken, has left its perusers with a wide range of translations. It is one's past, present and the disposition with which he views his future that decides the shade of the light that he will see the sonnet in. Regardless in any case, this sonnet unmistakably shows Frost's conviction that the street one picks that makes him the man what his identity is. What's more, sorry I was unable to travel both... It is consistently hard to settle on a choice since it is outlandish not to ponder about the opportunity cost, what will be remembered fondly out on. There is a solid sense of disappointment before the decision is even made and it lies in the information that in one lifetime, it is difficult to go down each way. In an endeavor to settle on a choice, the voyager looks down one to the extent I could. The street that will be picked prompts the obscure, as does any decision throughout everyday life. As much he may strain his eyes to see as far the street extends, in the end it outperforms his vision and he can never see where it will lead. The manner in which he picks here that sets him off on his excursion and chooses where he is going. At that point took the other, similarly as reasonable, and having maybe the better guarantee. What caused it to have the better case is that it was lush what's more, needed wear. It was something that was clearly not for everybody since it appeared that most of individuals took the other way in this manner he considers it the street less went by. The way that the explorer took this way over the more famous, secure one demonstrates the kind of character he has, one that wouldn't like to essentially follow the group however accomplish a greater amount of what has never been done, what's going on what's more, unique. Furthermore, both that morning similarly lay in leaves no progression had trodden dark. The leaves had made the progress and since the time they had fallen nobody still couldn't seem to pass by on this street. Maybe Frost does this since each opportunity an individual gets to the heart of the matter where they need to make a decision, it is unfamiliar to them, some place they have never been and they will in general feel just as nobody else had ever been there either. I kept the first for one more day! The craving to go down the two ways is communicated and isn't surprising, however realizing how route leads on to way, the speaker of this sonnet understands that the choice isn't only a transitory one and he questioned on the off chance that I should ever returned. This is his presence of mind talking and recognizing that what he picks currently will influence each other decision he makes a while later. When you have performed a demonstration or verbally expressed a word that crystalizes what your identity is, there is no turning around, it can't be fixed. Indeed toward the finish of the sonnet the lament hangs over the explorer like an overwhelming cloud going to blast. He understands that at the end of his life, some place ages and ages subsequently, he will have laments about having never returned and going down the streets he didn't take. However he stays pleased with his choice and he perceives that it was this way that he picked that made him turn out the way and he did furthermore, carry on with his life the manner by which he lived. I took the street less trvaeled by and that had a significant effect. To this man, what was generally significant, what truly had the effect, is that he did what he needed, regardless of whether it implied taking the street less voyaged. In the event that he hadn't, he wouldn't be a similar man

Discussion Questions for Sexism Readings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Conversation Questions for Sexism Readings - Essay Example Sexism, scorn for one sex (females essentially) prompts expanded sentiments of persecution and suffocation for the ladies and transgender individuals. This likewise prompts more premature births, and murdering of newborn child young ladies. 2. Organic sex is essentially a real perspective. On the off chance that an individual has essential sexual characters of male or female sex, the individual is naturally a male or a female. Sexual orientation is progressively similar to an idea. Basically other than the essential sexual characters, individuals are indistinguishable. Sex considers are essentially a methodology towards how you see people. Naturally they are same other than essential sexual characters however sex thinks of them as various. 3. Not all, however numerous men practice man centric society cheerfully as they have a great deal to pick up from it. They get the chance to govern their families. This anyway isn't in every case simple. Homophobia, the contempt individuals feel for lesbians and gays and some of the time for transgender individuals begins from this pressure as well. No extraordinary is acceptable. At the point when half populace of wherever is mistreated for the sake of male controlled society, many respond by getting gay or lesbian. Typical life is disturbed by this radicalism for one sex. 4. Women's liberation requests equivalent rights for ladies. Naturally, ladies and men are rises to however the chauvinist approaches don’t let that to be drilled in the public eye. Despite the fact that in principle it would appear that United States is a tolerant society, yet there has consistently been a solid pessimistic response to rise to rights for ladies and transgender individuals. One reason is that it is in every case simple to follow the present patterns as opposed to tolerating changes. Additionally, with ladies getting equivalent rights, a portion of the men may feel shaky. 5. Perfect female excellence is an idea that drives a great deal of young ladies to endeavors of irregular level to turn out to be acceptably alluring. This leads ladies to investing in additional amounts of energy for acknowledgment and the individuals who normally need it endure a ton. According to other perspective, this occasionally makes ladies obvious objectives

A Comedy Without a Resolution Character Fates in Twelfth Night and Its 1988 Version - Literature Essay Samples

In the resolution of most of Shakespeare’s comedies, the main characters, almost without exception, find love and happiness. However, this is certainly not the case in Twelfth Night. Whilst the marriages of Olivia and Sebastian, and Orsino and Viola do comply with the general idea that a comedy should end with resolution, they also bring uncertainty and unhappiness for the other characters. In Olivia’s marriage, Feste’s earlier statement that ‘fools are as like/husbands as pilchards are to herrings’ is proven true, as Feste is forgotten when he is effectively replaced by Sebastian, and he loses the woman he loves. This is particularly prominent in Branagh’s 1988 version of the play, in which, at the end, Feste is left singing a mournful song before he turns and shuts himself out of Olivia’s grounds. In this final act of desolation, Branagh makes it clear just how much Feste has lost through Olivia’s marriage, and, as this ends th e play, it is certainly not a satisfactory resolution. Furthermore, the image of the solitary figure in the frozen garden returns the audience to the melancholy mood of the opening scene, and so Orsino’s loneliness has simply been replaced with Feste’s. Similarly, Sir Andrew not only loses the possibility of ‘wooing’ Olivia (although this admittedly seems unlikely ever to have been successful), but also his closest friends through the marriage of Sir Toby and Maria. This marriage perhaps signifies the end of the entertaining camaraderie between the two knights, Fabian, and Maria who had provided the majority of the humour, an idea which is supported by Sir Toby’s final lines, in which he rejects Sir Andrew’s offer of help, and instead calls him an ‘ass-head’, a ‘coxcomb’, a ‘knave’, and a ‘gull’. Whilst this is possibly simply a drunken outpour of rage, these lines may indicate Sir Toby’s true feelings for Sir Andrew from the beginning, an d so we begin to suspect that what appeared to be light-hearted teasing was in fact more malicious. Either way, with this abrupt end to the relationship between Sir Toby and Sir Andrew, the audience loses the satisfaction of a joyful resolution, and Sir Andrew, who was ‘adored once’, is once again left alone. Antonio too loses his lover in the form of Sebastian; whilst in Branagh’s version he is shown to be freed from his handcuffs, we are left with the sense that he is doomed to an imprisonment of another kind: that of a lonely return to the sea. Thus, there is a sharp divide in the ending of Twelfth Night between those who are married and those who are left alone and loveless, and so the audience is denied a completely satisfying resolution. In addition, even the marriages that Shakespeare does allow are not wholly satisfying. Even once her identity has been revealed, Viola remains dressed as a man and Orsino continues to address her as Cesario. Shakespeare uses the imprisonment of the captain (with whom Viola explains she left her ‘maiden weeds’) as an excuse for this, but he perhaps intends it to serve as a reminder that it was Cesario, not Viola, who Orsino fell in love with. Therefore, whilst Viola may have secured the man she adores, Orsino is left with the more socially-acceptable female version. Although the Elizabethans were far more relaxed about the idea of sexual relationships between men than the Victorians, ‘sodomy’ was still a capital offence, and so Orsino’s marriage to Cesario, had he not in fact been a woman, would have been unthinkable. Ergo, both the audience and Orsino lose Cesario, who, in a way, facilitates the entire comedy. Viola herself perhaps also mourns this lo ss; following the revelation of her true identity, Shakespeare gives her a much smaller proportion of the lines, making her seem far more subdued. Because of society’s view at the time that women should be subordinate to men, perhaps in revealing her true identity Viola loses some of her autonomy. Although for a Shakespearian audience this may not have been particularly troubling, and in fact may have added to the sense of restored order, today it is deeply unsettling, and imbues the ending of Twelfth Night with a sense of loss, even if this was not what Shakespeare originally intended. Much like Orsino, Olivia too does not end up married to the person she fell in love with. Whilst it was Cesario’s poetic claim that, were he Orsino, he would ‘make the babbling gossip of the air cry out ‘Olivia’’ which seduced her, Sebastian in comparison seems very shallow, shown through his immediate and unquestioning acceptance of Olivia’s offer of ma rriage, despite the fact that it would require his rejection of Antonio who had faithfully helped him. Again, Olivia’s marriage to Sebastian would probably have been interpreted very differently by a Shakespearian audience who may have been inclined to agree more with Sebastian. On the revelation of Viola’s true identity, Sebastian comforts Olivia by saying that ‘nature’ has returned to her ‘bias’ in making her marry him instead, and so order has been restored. To a modern audience with a more sophisticated notion of homosexuality, Olivia’s marriage is nothing but uncomfortable. In fact, it would perhaps feel more natural if Olivia was to marry Viola, and Orsino Sebastian. Furthermore, neither of the marriages are actually performed on stage, at least in Branagh’s and Armfield’s productions (where the couples disappear into Olivia’s house, and a mysterious white door respectively), and so the audience is denied even the pleasure of witnessing their union, even if it does not seem the most natural. Therefore, rather than adding to the pleasing resolution typical of comedies, the marriages which do take place, at least for a modern audience, detract from this. Again, unlike most of Shakespeare’s comedies, social order does not completely return by the end of the play. Whilst Twelfth Night revolves around the subversion of social order which often accompanied holidays such as twelfth night, by the end of the play, order has not completely been restored. This is particularly noticeable in the case of Malvolio; following the trick which was intended to humiliate him, Malvolio still does not seem to accept his position, and certainly does not accept the lesson which Sir Toby and Maria tried to teach him, as is shown in his final line when he says ‘I’ll be revenged on the whole pack of you’. Instead of returning to societal order, Shakespeare’s use of the word ‘pack’ implies that Malvolio sees himself as an outcast, separate from the other characters, and so has stepped outside of social order entirely. As has been performed in some productions, Malvolio could also be addressing the audience with t his line, reminding us that we are not blameless in Malvolio’s fate, as we too laughed at the prank which was played on him. Because of this, the consequences of the trick played on Malvolio not only destroys all possibility for a satisfying resolution, but leaves us questioning whether Twelfth Night is even a comedy, as we regret having laughed at it. However, whilst Malvolio ultimately fails in his bid to increase his social status, Maria succeeds through her marriage to Sir Toby. Shakespeare perhaps permits this because Maria, unlike Malvolio, did not actively try to improve her station, and, in being female, has less to gain. Nevertheless, it is another indication that order has not completely returned and so Twelfth Night cannot be said to have been completely resolved. Despite the lack of satisfactory marriages and the perversion of social order, some elements of the ending of Twelfth Night are satisfying, as is typical of a comedy. The most prevalent example of this, in my opinion, is the reunion of the twins. This is certainly the dramatic climax of the play, as the truth of Viola’s identity is revealed, and, in that way, order is to an extent returned, but it is also an extremely emotional and touching moment. When Sebastian says ‘were you a woman†¦/I should my tears let fall upon your cheek’ it is perhaps one of the only times he shows any strong emotion, and this, combined with Antonio’s comparison to an ‘apple cleft in two’ based on Greek mythology, creates the idea of unity, much stronger than the unity created with their marriages. Similarly, whilst Olivia does not have her dead brother returned to her in the same way that Viola does, Shakespeare implies that Orsino will take his place when he ca lls Olivia his ‘sister’, in a way fulfilling his prediction at the beginning of the play that her ‘affections’ for her brother will be replaced with love for himself, or ‘one self king’. Therefore, any resolution which is created in Twelfth Night is through the restoration of sibling love, rather than the creation of romantic love, perhaps an indication that Shakespeare viewed the former as superior. Overall, comedies are supposed to end with resolution, but in the case of Twelfth Night this concept is blurred. The uncertainty surrounding whether or not the ending of Twelfth Night is satisfactory is possibly a reflection of the uncertainty as to whether or not Twelfth Night is a comedy. At the end of Twelfth Night, because matters have largely returned to the way they were are the beginning (Orsino still does not have the person he truly loves, Feste, Sir Andrew and Antonio are still without lovers, and Sir Toby is still drunk and unruly), the ending in my opinion is far from satisfactory. Possibly, then, this suggests that Twelfth Night is not truly a comedy. The question of whether Shakespeare intended it to be viewed as such is perhaps more difficult to answer; without modern interpretations, the resolution of Twelfth Night would undoubtedly be more pleasing, yet there is still an underlying sense of unease created through the treatment of Malvolio. Either way, Twelfth Night c ertainly pushes the definition of precisely what a comedy is, and perhaps marks a move away from the traditional classification of dramas.

Drug Screening on Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells_ as an Effective Form of Treatment - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 768 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/06/26 Category Biology Essay Level High school Topics: Stem Cell Essay Did you like this example? Drug screening and induced pluripotent stem cells are still fairly new components in the scientific world but continue to expand as more research is being conducted. Just in 2006 induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) branched off of embryonic stem cells that were discovered in 1998 (6) and since iPSCs lack ethical issues, they have been used to differentiate from stem cells such as from a diseased patient to motor neurons. But are these reprogrammed differentiated cells as reliable as embryonic cells or primary cells dissected out of an infected mouse such as the dorsal root ganglions or Purkinje cells? As there is more to understand about that topic, it is also interesting to explore what exactly to do with iPSCs once they are available which leads into treatment methods. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Drug Screening on Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells_ as an Effective Form of Treatment" essay for you Create order Drug screenings are an effective and fast method for testing multiple drugs with different cells in a short time to find which drug has the greatest change but is that the best method to take. Overall, drug screening on induced pluripotent stem cells is an effective form of a method for treatment. 1.What is an iPSC? In 1981 the first mouse embryonic stem cell was created using a mouse model and more than fifteen years later the first human embryonic stem cell was cultured (10). But this form of research has raised ethical issues since this is the beginning of human life and in 2001 a federal funding halt to human embryonic research occurred which then lead to researchers finding new ways to create similar stem cells (9). And in 2006 a team of researchers created induced pluripotent stem cells using a mouse model (11). Just a year later the same group and another team of researchers were both able to generate human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) (11). But what is an iPSCs? To break it down, it is best to start with stem cell. A stem cell is defined as, Cells with the ability to divide for indefinite periods in culture and to give rise to specialized cells (12), hence the importance of using these cell types. Now the embryonic stem cells are different from somatic in which it all starts at the embryonic stage where the cells can divide continuously until ready to make a differentiation unlike somatic cells that are more limited (12). Now here is where the problem lays, embryonic stem cells are unavailable to use due being unethical yet somatic stem cells are rare and limited in use until Chin et als research group was able to take somatic cells and reprogram them to be embryonic-like stem cells. The significant problem is how closely related are the IPSCs to the embryonic stem cells and if it is able to take their place in forms of research. 2. Details on drug screenings Around a century ago, drugs have begun to be tested and ever since that research has expanded and will continue to grow (6). There is a lot of history on drug research but one experiment that has saved a lot of time and money has been using a drug screening called high-throughput screening which is defined as, Screening (of a compound collection) to identify hits in an in vitroassay, usually performed robotically in 384-well microtitre plates (5). Since 384-well microtiter plates require little amounts of media, chemicals, cells, and drugs, this gives a higher chance to test more compounds at once. After testing thousands of drugs, some number of compounds should have a meaningful effect on the cells and are referred to as hits or leads (5). Further testing on the hits can possibly lead to finding a compound that benefits the human race which is the end goal. Arguments for the Hypothesis Even though primary animal dissected cells might seem the best way to obtain cells for culturing purposes, they will come from an animal instead of a human which jumps into the human versus animal models for cell culturing. Before jumping right into clinical trials and even animal trials, the first step to test any type of drug or experiment is to test it out on a dish with living cells. Certain cells, such as motor neurons or Purkinje cells are unable to obtain from a human-beings especially with a rare disease such as Ataxia telangiectasia (AT). Using this specific disease, it is a great way to prove iPSCs are a better technique to obtain cells than using animal cells with that similar mutation. Within Gilmore et al.s paper (1), there was a comparison done between the animal model and the iPSCs. The Purkinje cells and the dorsal root ganglion cells in the mouse had similar results to the human cells from iPSCs, found in figure 1 (1).

During Rule Of Emperor Justinian Of The Eastern Roman Empire,

During rule of Emperor Justinian of the Eastern Roman Empire, a cycle of recurring plagues started in the year 541 A.D. This plague cycle would disappear and reappear in roughly eleven year cycles. The last strike of this plague cycle was in 747 in Naples. This series of plagues were called the Justinian plague named after Emperor Justinian’s rule and it is also referred to as the early medieval pandemic (EMP). The severity of this plague was high being that Procopius of Caesarea, a Urban Prefect of Constantinople stated that the plague â€Å"fell upon the whole world, yet just as many people escaped as had the misfortune to succumb- either because they escaped the infection altogether, or because they got over it if they happened to be†¦show more content†¦It may seem like an outlandish claim by Procopius to put the blame for plague on Justinian however he is not far from the truth. Justinian was not a demon in human form however his expansionism did opened a large area of the Empire and increased internal travel distance allowing for the plague to spread throughout the Mediterranean. Justinian’s rule before the plague was stable however during the plague the stability of his rule plummeted. As stated before, during the plague Justinian drew blame from his people because of the devastation. However the plague â€Å"reduced population drastically, those on arable areas by one-half in fifty years and those in dry areas by a lesser amount. It created a great depression, forced readjustment of population, altered relations among parts of the Empire, and created conditions which were sensitive to accidents.† The loss of life combined with a economic depression greatly lowered the stability of the Empire however they were not the only factors that affect the stability of the realm. To protect the economy Justinian order an edict that froze prices and wages pre plague levels however â€Å"As with all such wage and price freezes, Justinian’s edict served mostly to exaggerate the problems they were intended to solve. Shortages of fuel, food and most relevantly for an empire now fighting a two-front war- theShow MoreRelated Architect of the Byzantine Legacy Essay examples3947 Words   |  16 PagesArchitect of the Byzantine Legacy Byzantine Emperor Justinian was the bold architect of a revitalized Byzantine Empire that would leave a lasting legacy for Western Civilization. As much of Europe entered the Dark Ages, Justinians vision of a restored Roman Empire would reverse the decline of the Byzantine Empire and lay a firm foundation that would allow the Byzantine Empire to survive for centuries to come. 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During this time period, the Grecian states were well renownedRead MoreRoman Law During The Enlightenment Era2453 Words   |  10 Pages Roman Law Justice has been misperceived to go hand and hand with rules in which a society must conform to, mostly in due part to the enlightenment era. In the case with the Romans, the laws they established, especially early on, dealing with the spread of Christianity has been interpreted with a sense of disgust for the unfair treatment targeted towards Christians, and later on to those of other faiths. However, I argue that, Roman law, when concerning religion, was used to strengthen the identity

The Impact of Perception of Performance Appraisal

Questions: 1. Explain why using valid selection procedures is important.2. Describe four (4) criteria commonly used to evaluate the effectiveness of training efforts. For each criterion, give an example of how effectiveness could be measured.3. Who else besides an employees immediate supervisor could serve as a rater for performance appraisal purposes? Give three (3) examples and explain why their input could be useful.4. Why should managers be concerned about employees perceptions of the fairness of a firms compensation system? What tools or mechanisms do organizations use to help ensure internal and external equity?5. What are the pros and cons of high executive pay? Answer: 1. It is highly essential to use a valid selection procedure in the field of human resource because selection process is a crucial requisite for every production or performance value firms that aim at operating successfully. A valid selection process is crucially important because it enhances transparency and confidence of corporate firms to grow firmly from the very root. By means of valid selection process along with effective hires, companies gain immense values. On the other hand, invalid or faulty selection process leads to bad hires and consequently overall corporate loss (McLean and DeMars). 2. The most practiced approach of evaluating effectiveness of training has been the Four Level Evaluation Model of Kirkpatrick. The key steps of this model are: reaction, learning, behaviour and results. Reaction This first level is said to solicit views of learning experience that follows training. The scope concerns the extent to which experience proved valuable or relevance of training. Learning This level measures the extent to which participants receive the required skills, knowledge and values as training outcomes (Manoharan, Muralidharan and Deshmukh). Behaviour This level measures the extent to which behaviours of participants alter due to training. For instance, improper behavioural change may have caused for other circumstances like individual reluctance. Results This level determines tangible outcomes of training like improved quality and efficiency, reduced, enhanced productivity, increased sales and employee morale, and employee retention. 3. In the process of performance appraisal, various approaches may be used. One of the most effective approaches is 360 degree performance appraisal. This process signifies that an individuals performance may be rated by not only his immediate supervisor but also other individuals like his subordinates, peers, separate departmental managers, and the employee himself (Goksoy and Alayoglu). For any employee, his subordinates and peers are some of the best individuals who may rate his performance effectively. It is because these individuals are ones who closely observe his performance, attitude, behaviours, etc. 4. Managers should be concerned about employees perceptions of the fairness of a firms compensation system because pay as well as benefits are highly significant to both existing as well as new employees. The compensation that they receive from the work happens to be the major cause behind seeking employment. Compensation not only acts as a source of their sustenance by allowing people to satisfy their materialistic or recreational needs, but also serves their needs for self-esteem (Manoharan, Muralidharan and Deshmukh). When the compensation system of any organization is perceived as inadequate, effective and deserving applicants may reject its employment offers, and also current effective employees may leave the organization at once. Organizations may ensure internal and external equity by performing job analysis and then recruiting most suitable individuals with required job specifications to justify the post. 5. High executive pay possesses both merits and demerits. The merits is that high pay means higher quality of life and social recognition (Schultz). It attaches lot of prestige and ensures professional success. On the other hand, the demerit states that these individuals with fat salaries involve intense public scrutiny. They always remain in the limelight and so they need to be highly aware all the time. References Goksoy, Asli, and Nihat Alayoglu. 'The Impact Of Perception Of Performance Appraisal And Distributive Justice Fairness On Employees' Ethical Decision Making In Paternalist Organizational Culture'.Perf. Improvement Qrtly26.1 (2013): 57-79. Web. Manoharan, T. R., C. Muralidharan, and S. G. Deshmukh. 'Analyzing The Interaction Of Performance Appraisal Factors Using Interpretive Structural Modeling'.Perf. Improv.49.6 (2010): 25-35. Web. McLean, Gary N., and Shane K. DeMars. 'Organization Development: Principles, Process, Performance'.Perf. Improv.45.8 (2006): 41-43. Web. Schultz, John R. 'Performance Improvement: The Means To Process Improvement'.Perf. Improv.46.7 (2007): 27-32. Web.