Drug Screening on Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells_ as an Effective Form of Treatment - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 768 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/06/26 Category Biology Essay Level High school Topics: Stem Cell Essay Did you like this example? Drug screening and induced pluripotent stem cells are still fairly new components in the scientific world but continue to expand as more research is being conducted. Just in 2006 induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) branched off of embryonic stem cells that were discovered in 1998 (6) and since iPSCs lack ethical issues, they have been used to differentiate from stem cells such as from a diseased patient to motor neurons. But are these reprogrammed differentiated cells as reliable as embryonic cells or primary cells dissected out of an infected mouse such as the dorsal root ganglions or Purkinje cells? As there is more to understand about that topic, it is also interesting to explore what exactly to do with iPSCs once they are available which leads into treatment methods. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Drug Screening on Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells_ as an Effective Form of Treatment" essay for you Create order Drug screenings are an effective and fast method for testing multiple drugs with different cells in a short time to find which drug has the greatest change but is that the best method to take. Overall, drug screening on induced pluripotent stem cells is an effective form of a method for treatment. 1.What is an iPSC? In 1981 the first mouse embryonic stem cell was created using a mouse model and more than fifteen years later the first human embryonic stem cell was cultured (10). But this form of research has raised ethical issues since this is the beginning of human life and in 2001 a federal funding halt to human embryonic research occurred which then lead to researchers finding new ways to create similar stem cells (9). And in 2006 a team of researchers created induced pluripotent stem cells using a mouse model (11). Just a year later the same group and another team of researchers were both able to generate human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) (11). But what is an iPSCs? To break it down, it is best to start with stem cell. A stem cell is defined as, Cells with the ability to divide for indefinite periods in culture and to give rise to specialized cells (12), hence the importance of using these cell types. Now the embryonic stem cells are different from somatic in which it all starts at the embryonic stage where the cells can divide continuously until ready to make a differentiation unlike somatic cells that are more limited (12). Now here is where the problem lays, embryonic stem cells are unavailable to use due being unethical yet somatic stem cells are rare and limited in use until Chin et als research group was able to take somatic cells and reprogram them to be embryonic-like stem cells. The significant problem is how closely related are the IPSCs to the embryonic stem cells and if it is able to take their place in forms of research. 2. Details on drug screenings Around a century ago, drugs have begun to be tested and ever since that research has expanded and will continue to grow (6). There is a lot of history on drug research but one experiment that has saved a lot of time and money has been using a drug screening called high-throughput screening which is defined as, Screening (of a compound collection) to identify hits in an in vitroassay, usually performed robotically in 384-well microtitre plates (5). Since 384-well microtiter plates require little amounts of media, chemicals, cells, and drugs, this gives a higher chance to test more compounds at once. After testing thousands of drugs, some number of compounds should have a meaningful effect on the cells and are referred to as hits or leads (5). Further testing on the hits can possibly lead to finding a compound that benefits the human race which is the end goal. Arguments for the Hypothesis Even though primary animal dissected cells might seem the best way to obtain cells for culturing purposes, they will come from an animal instead of a human which jumps into the human versus animal models for cell culturing. Before jumping right into clinical trials and even animal trials, the first step to test any type of drug or experiment is to test it out on a dish with living cells. Certain cells, such as motor neurons or Purkinje cells are unable to obtain from a human-beings especially with a rare disease such as Ataxia telangiectasia (AT). Using this specific disease, it is a great way to prove iPSCs are a better technique to obtain cells than using animal cells with that similar mutation. Within Gilmore et al.s paper (1), there was a comparison done between the animal model and the iPSCs. The Purkinje cells and the dorsal root ganglion cells in the mouse had similar results to the human cells from iPSCs, found in figure 1 (1).

During Rule Of Emperor Justinian Of The Eastern Roman Empire,

During rule of Emperor Justinian of the Eastern Roman Empire, a cycle of recurring plagues started in the year 541 A.D. This plague cycle would disappear and reappear in roughly eleven year cycles. The last strike of this plague cycle was in 747 in Naples. This series of plagues were called the Justinian plague named after Emperor Justinian’s rule and it is also referred to as the early medieval pandemic (EMP). The severity of this plague was high being that Procopius of Caesarea, a Urban Prefect of Constantinople stated that the plague â€Å"fell upon the whole world, yet just as many people escaped as had the misfortune to succumb- either because they escaped the infection altogether, or because they got over it if they happened to be†¦show more content†¦It may seem like an outlandish claim by Procopius to put the blame for plague on Justinian however he is not far from the truth. Justinian was not a demon in human form however his expansionism did opened a large area of the Empire and increased internal travel distance allowing for the plague to spread throughout the Mediterranean. Justinian’s rule before the plague was stable however during the plague the stability of his rule plummeted. As stated before, during the plague Justinian drew blame from his people because of the devastation. However the plague â€Å"reduced population drastically, those on arable areas by one-half in fifty years and those in dry areas by a lesser amount. It created a great depression, forced readjustment of population, altered relations among parts of the Empire, and created conditions which were sensitive to accidents.† The loss of life combined with a economic depression greatly lowered the stability of the Empire however they were not the only factors that affect the stability of the realm. To protect the economy Justinian order an edict that froze prices and wages pre plague levels however â€Å"As with all such wage and price freezes, Justinian’s edict served mostly to exaggerate the problems they were intended to solve. Shortages of fuel, food and most relevantly for an empire now fighting a two-front war- theShow MoreRelated Architect of the Byzantine Legacy Essay examples3947 Words   |  16 PagesArchitect of the Byzantine Legacy Byzantine Emperor Justinian was the bold architect of a revitalized Byzantine Empire that would leave a lasting legacy for Western Civilization. As much of Europe entered the Dark Ages, Justinians vision of a restored Roman Empire would reverse the decline of the Byzantine Empire and lay a firm foundation that would allow the Byzantine Empire to survive for centuries to come. 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The Impact of Perception of Performance Appraisal

Questions: 1. Explain why using valid selection procedures is important.2. Describe four (4) criteria commonly used to evaluate the effectiveness of training efforts. For each criterion, give an example of how effectiveness could be measured.3. Who else besides an employees immediate supervisor could serve as a rater for performance appraisal purposes? Give three (3) examples and explain why their input could be useful.4. Why should managers be concerned about employees perceptions of the fairness of a firms compensation system? What tools or mechanisms do organizations use to help ensure internal and external equity?5. What are the pros and cons of high executive pay? Answer: 1. It is highly essential to use a valid selection procedure in the field of human resource because selection process is a crucial requisite for every production or performance value firms that aim at operating successfully. A valid selection process is crucially important because it enhances transparency and confidence of corporate firms to grow firmly from the very root. By means of valid selection process along with effective hires, companies gain immense values. On the other hand, invalid or faulty selection process leads to bad hires and consequently overall corporate loss (McLean and DeMars). 2. The most practiced approach of evaluating effectiveness of training has been the Four Level Evaluation Model of Kirkpatrick. The key steps of this model are: reaction, learning, behaviour and results. Reaction This first level is said to solicit views of learning experience that follows training. The scope concerns the extent to which experience proved valuable or relevance of training. Learning This level measures the extent to which participants receive the required skills, knowledge and values as training outcomes (Manoharan, Muralidharan and Deshmukh). Behaviour This level measures the extent to which behaviours of participants alter due to training. For instance, improper behavioural change may have caused for other circumstances like individual reluctance. Results This level determines tangible outcomes of training like improved quality and efficiency, reduced, enhanced productivity, increased sales and employee morale, and employee retention. 3. In the process of performance appraisal, various approaches may be used. One of the most effective approaches is 360 degree performance appraisal. This process signifies that an individuals performance may be rated by not only his immediate supervisor but also other individuals like his subordinates, peers, separate departmental managers, and the employee himself (Goksoy and Alayoglu). For any employee, his subordinates and peers are some of the best individuals who may rate his performance effectively. It is because these individuals are ones who closely observe his performance, attitude, behaviours, etc. 4. Managers should be concerned about employees perceptions of the fairness of a firms compensation system because pay as well as benefits are highly significant to both existing as well as new employees. The compensation that they receive from the work happens to be the major cause behind seeking employment. Compensation not only acts as a source of their sustenance by allowing people to satisfy their materialistic or recreational needs, but also serves their needs for self-esteem (Manoharan, Muralidharan and Deshmukh). When the compensation system of any organization is perceived as inadequate, effective and deserving applicants may reject its employment offers, and also current effective employees may leave the organization at once. Organizations may ensure internal and external equity by performing job analysis and then recruiting most suitable individuals with required job specifications to justify the post. 5. High executive pay possesses both merits and demerits. The merits is that high pay means higher quality of life and social recognition (Schultz). It attaches lot of prestige and ensures professional success. On the other hand, the demerit states that these individuals with fat salaries involve intense public scrutiny. They always remain in the limelight and so they need to be highly aware all the time. References Goksoy, Asli, and Nihat Alayoglu. 'The Impact Of Perception Of Performance Appraisal And Distributive Justice Fairness On Employees' Ethical Decision Making In Paternalist Organizational Culture'.Perf. Improvement Qrtly26.1 (2013): 57-79. Web. Manoharan, T. R., C. Muralidharan, and S. G. Deshmukh. 'Analyzing The Interaction Of Performance Appraisal Factors Using Interpretive Structural Modeling'.Perf. Improv.49.6 (2010): 25-35. Web. McLean, Gary N., and Shane K. DeMars. 'Organization Development: Principles, Process, Performance'.Perf. Improv.45.8 (2006): 41-43. Web. Schultz, John R. 'Performance Improvement: The Means To Process Improvement'.Perf. Improv.46.7 (2007): 27-32. Web.