Men-Women and Japanese-American Intercultural Communication - Analysis

Men-Women and Japanese-American Intercultural Communication - Analysis of the Mitsubishi Case Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was my first day in high school. Standing alone in the middle of the play ground looking for anyone I know or can talk to, my eyes was searching all over the place. A pretty blond girl standing alone was a scene that, for sure, attracted my attention then. The moment my eyes saw her, my mind started thinking of ways to talk to her. After some time wasted thinking, I saw a girl I know approaching the blond. Not willing to waste such opportunity, I marched forward toward them. We had a nice chat through which I got to know the blond girl. She turned out to be a very nice and friendly French girl who just arrived to Egypt few days ago. Not being able to forget her for the rest of the day even before I sleep, I kept thinking how I would ask her out the next day. After long night hours, morning finally came and I was off to school. Although I though the lines I would open my conversation with her many times, I kept hesitating whether to approach her or not when I sa w her the next morning. To my surprise, the moment she saw me, she actually called on me, walked towards me saying hi while giving me a kiss on the cheek. With this, I understood that she actually likes me too and she wouldn’t reject my invitation for going out together. However, I was astonished when she replied â€Å"I have a boyfriend†. That was just confusing. To me, the kiss on the cheek was a clear message that I adore you. It was only years later that I understood that for the French, a kiss on the cheek is just saying hi. This kiss just meant totally different things for both of us. Unfortunately, this intercultural miscommunication does not only happen in personal relationships; it also occurs in many international deals with millions of dollars on stack. One such example is the famous case of Mitsubishi Motor Manufacturing in America. In this paper, I will try to analyze the Mitsubishi case as a consequence of intercultural miscommunication between American men and American women cultures, and the Japanese and American cultures. Mitsubishi Case Summary  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mitsubishi Motor Manufacturing of America (MMMA) started in 1985 as a $500 million 50-50 joint venture, called Diamond-Star, between Chrysler Corporation of the United States and Mitsubishi Motors Corporation (MMC) ... ...tanding Japanese business practices†. Business Horizons Nov-Dec 1992 < http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1038/is_n6_v35/ai_13246882> Goode, Erica. â€Å"How Culture Molds Habits of Thought†. New York Times August 8, 2000 http://www.nytimes.com/library/national/science/health/080800hth-behavior-culture.html> Hofstede, G.H. â€Å"Culture’s consequences: International Differences in work-related values.† London: Sages, 1980. Maltz, Daniel N., and Ruth A. Borker. "A Cultural Approach To Male-Female Miscommunication." In Language and Social Identity. Edited by John J. Gumperz. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1982, pp. 196-216. Stewart, Edward C. â€Å"The Japanese Culture of Organizational Communication.† In Organization Communication: Emerging Perspectives II. Edited by Lee Thayer. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex Publishing Corporation, 1987, pp. 136-182. Taylor, Jared. â€Å"Shadows of the Rising Sun.† New York: Quill Books, 1983. Ulfhielm, Fredrik. "Spoken Japanese: Linguistic Influence on Work Group, Leadership, and Decision-Making." In Organization Communication: Emerging Perspectives II. Edited by Lee Thayer. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex Publishing Corporation, 1987, pp.107-135.

Christianity and Popular Culture Essay -- Religion God Jesus Papers

Christianity and Popular Culture In his classic work Christ and Culture, H. Richard Niebuhr asserts that the relationship between earnest followers of Jesus Christ and human culture has been an "enduring problem."1 How should believers who are "disciplining themselves for the purpose of godliness" (1 Tim. 4:7) relate to a world whose culture is dominated by "the lust of the flesh, the lust of the eyes, and the boastful pride of life" (1 John 2: 16)? Culture is God's gift and task for human beings created in His image and likeness. At creation humanity received a "cultural mandate" from the sovereign Creator to have dominion over the earth and to cultivate and keep it (Gen. 1:26, 28; 2:15). But sin's effects are total, and culture—whether high, popular, or folk—has been corrupted thoroughly by rebellion, idolatry, and immorality. How, then, should Christians, who have been redeemed, "not with perishable things like gold or silver . . . but with precious blood, as of a lamb, unblemished and spotless , the blood of Christ" (1 Pet. 1:18-19) live in relation to culture? According to Jesus in His high priestly prayer, believers are to be in the world but not of it (John 17:11-16). But in what way? How do believers act in and interact with the "crooked and perverse generation" (Phil. 2:15) that surrounds them and of which they are a part? This is not an easy question, and yet the Church cannot avoid responding to it. Over the centuries, various Christian communities have developed alternative perspectives on this very influential Christ-culture connection. In the extreme, some believers have advocated a complete rejection of culture (Anabaptists, fundamentalists), while others at the opposite end of the ecclesiastical spectrum ... ...se two extremes. It serves as an alternative to both manipulation and meaninglessness. It is an agency of common grace. Since TV manufactures audiences to sell products to, they cannot be manipulated as machines. They cannot be told that life is nihilistic. Rather, they must be entertained. So Jacobson sees a redemptive role for popular culture as an antidote to the present cultural mess. His advice is unique: Turn your TV back on. You will find things worth watching and thinking about. He tells readers what to look for in a variety of programs, and even shows how expressions of grace can be found in Bufy the Vampire Slayer. Notes 1.H. Richard Niebuhr, Christ and Culture (New York: Harper and Row, Publishers, Harper Torchbooks, 1951), chap. 1. 2.Richard J. Mouw, He Shines in All That's Fair: Culture and Common Grace (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2001), p. 9.

Scarlet Letter Book Report :: essays research papers

Characters: - Hester Prynne was a beautiful, young woman living in Amsterdam with her husband, Roger Chillingworth. He sent her you America alone while he finished his business. In America she met Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale who she had a love affair with. Pearl was the name of their child. When the townspeople found out about her sin, they punished her by making her wear a scarlet letter ‘A’ ,standing for adultery, on her bosom. - Dimmesdale was a young reverend of the community. The people loved him, because of his emotional ways of speaking. He was Hester’s secret lover. He couldn’t live without being punished for his sins. Finally, he confess publicly, as soon as he did he died. - Chillingworth was Hester’s husband. While traveling to America to join his wife he was capture by Indians. He finally reached America 2 years later. When he got there, Hester was already standing on the scaffold. He was seeking revenge on Dimmesdale, so he pretended to be his good friend trying to think of ways to torture him. - Pearl was Hester and Dimmesdale’s daughter. She was given her name because she was precious and valuable. She was very clever, imaginative, and bratty. Pearl was a very significant character, because she reminded Hester of her sins and love affair. - Governor Bellingham was like the political authority in Boston. - Mistress Hibbins was Governor Bellingham’s sister. She was known as an evil witch. She had a bitter temper, because she worshiped the devil. Summary:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Scarlet Letter† begins in the seventeenth century in Boston. Back then Boston was a Puritan settlement. Hester Prynne is being escorted out from the town’s prison with her daughter, Pearl. Hester had a scarlet letter â€Å"A† on her bosom. Someone watching from the crowd was telling someone else that she is being punished for adultery.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hester’s husband sent her to America, while he finished some business in Amsterdam. While Hester waits for him, she obviously had an affair and a child with her lover. She won’t tell anyone who her lover is. And her punishment is to wear the scarlet letter along with public humiliation for her sin and secret. Later, she is taken to the town scaffold and scolded by the town fathers. She still refuses to tell who the father of Pearl is.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hester’s missing husband, now known as Roger Chillingworth, is now living in Boston as a doctor to take revenge on Hester‘s secret lover.

Liberalism and Mercantilism Essay

International political economy is an important subdiscipline of international relation. It has three main ideologies, Liberalism, Mercantilism and Marxism. In this essay there will be three parts, first part is to demonstrate what the Liberalism and Mercantilism are on the perspective of international political economy and then the second part is to compare and contrast these two ideologies of political economy. At last, give a conclusion to the Liberalism and Mercantilism. Liberalism The liberal perspective on political economy is embodied in the discipline of the Western economics (Gilpin, 1987). It emphasizes the individual interests, the freedom and the maximization of economic benefit. Economic liberalism is based on the theory of â€Å"invisible hand† of Adam Smith and founded by David Ricardo in the seventeenth century. In the 1940s, Friedrich August von Hayek made a renaissance and a new explanation to it. Moreover, Milton Friedman made great contribution to the economic Liberalism in the 1970s. The basic standpoints of economic Liberalism are that people should be treated as the â€Å"rational economic animal† and market emerges spontaneously to satisfy human need. When the market running it develops according to its internal logical rule, rather than people’s will. Even through economic activity can enhance national power, the core of it is to bring beneficial to each consumer. Due to each person are both consumer and producer, so ev ery action of each person should be a rational choice in the market. Because resources are scarce, every decision involves an opportunity cost, a tradeoff among alternative uses of available resource (Samuelson, 1980, p.27). Get something at the cost of giving up something else. Hence everyone’s rational choices contribute to a balance among various powers in the market. The balance of these various powers makes the market have its intrinsic stability. That means the market is not only an automatic operation system, but also an autocorrection equilibrium system. Any intervention, especially from the government, is helpless to market development and destroys the intrinsic stability of market. Therefore, economic Liberalism opposes any form of government intervention strongly. Economic liberals claim that politics makes people separation while economy  makes people solidarity. A liberal international economy will have a moderation influence on international politics as it creates bonds of mutual interests and a commitment to the status quo. (Gilpin, 1987) Mercantilism According to Viner (1994), Mercantilism is a theory that state uses its economic interests widespreadly to regulate its economic activities. It emphasizes economic activities should serve for the interests of state and goal of state building (Gilpin, 1975). There are three theoretical points of Mercantilism (Magnusson, 1993). Firstly, Mercantilism pays attention to the currency and development of commerce. It regards the amount of currency (mainly gold and silver) as an important symbol to measure the degree of state’s affluence. Secondly, Mercantilism pays attention to foreign trade and seeks for trade surplus. It has no faith in market mechanism for state building. Thirdly, Mercantilism pays attention to the development of domestic industry, at the same time cultivates and protects the infant industry. According to Sen (1984), Mercantilism believes that industry has spillover effects and it associates the possession of industry with economic self-sufficiency and political autonomy. The most important, industry is prized because it is basic of military power and central to national security in the modern world. Actually, Mercantilism can be divided into two parts, â€Å"benign† Mercantilism and â€Å"malevolent† Mercantilism. The â€Å"benign† Mercantilism considers the safeguarding of national economic interests as the minimum essential to the security and survival of the state. It hopes to develop and protect domestic industry with the state power (like tariff, exchange rate, etc) and to prevent foreign product competition, for example, monetary policy. While â€Å"malevolent† Mercantilism advocates to build a powerful state and to ensure foreign trade unblocked with using of state power and regards the international economy as an arena for imperialist expansion (Hirschman, 1969). Even through there are differences between these two Mercantilisms, the goal of Mercantilism that makes state rich and powerful is clear and unified. (Magnusson, 1987) Compare and contrast of Liberalism and Mercantilism. The debate between Liberalism and Mercantilism has a long history. There are  three main differences between these two ideologies of political economy according to Goddard (2003). Firstly, Liberalism focuses on the market mechanism and believes that the economic role of government is limited. However, Mercantilism pays attention to the role of state and considers politics decide the economic activity. Secondly, Mercantilism regards world economy as a zero-sum game which means one country’s loss is as the prerequisite to another country’s gain. Moreover, Mercantilism thinks conflict between different countries is inevitable. Each country can only rely on its own resources to protect itself eventually. However, Liberalism opposes the zero-sum game. It believes the only consequence of the zero-sum game is war. Liberalism stresses the mutual benefit and a win-win situation which lead to international cooperation and interedependency. That is, dividing an existing cake is inferior to make a bigger cake (By promoting economy growth). Finally, Mercantilism focuses on the importance of military power and regards political and economic power as a way to ensure the security of state. Liberalism thinks accumulation of military power and other powers reduces the economic efficiency. Peace is more effective than war. The following table coming from Frederic shows the specific difference between Liberalism and Mercantilism (1999). Conclusion Even through the most of viewpoints of Liberalism and Mercantilism are different, these two ideologies of political economy have the value of existence respectively and are worth to research. In addition, Liberalism and Mercantilism have their own advantage and disadvantage. When begin to research them, people should have a critique view to accept their viewpoints. In summary, Liberalism and Mercantilism are two important ideologies of political economy Reference 1. Frederic S. Pearson and Simon Payaslian. International Political Economy: Conflict and Cooperation in the Global System. The Mcgraw-Hill Companies, 1999, P.33 2. Gilpin, Robert. 1975 U.S Power and the Multionational Corporation: The Political Economy of Foreign Direct Investment. New York: Basic Books 3. Gilpin, Robert 1987. The Political Economy of International Relations. Oxford: Princeton University Press. Chapters 2 P.33-P.79 4. Goddard, C. Roe; Cronin, Patrick and Dash, Kishore C. (eds.) (2003). International Political Economy: State-Market Relations in a Changing Global Order. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers (chapters 2-4, 6, 11-13). 5. Hirschman Albert.O 1969 â€Å"Effects of Industrialization on the Market of Industrial Countries† In bert F. Hoselitz, cd. The Progress of Underdeveloped Areas. Chicago: University of Chicago press. pp. 83-270. 6. Magnusson Lars. 1987. â€Å"Mercantilism and Reform-mercantilism: The Rise of Economic Discourse in Sweden During the Eighteenth Century† History of Political Economy 19: 3. 7. Magnusson Lars. 1993. Mercantilism. The Shaping of Economic Language. London: Routledge 8. Samuelson Paul A. 1980. Economics. With the Assistance in Statistical Updating of William Samuelson. New York: Mcgraw-Hill. 9. Sen, Gautam. 1984 The Military Origins of Industrialization and International Trade Rivalry. New York: St. Martin’s Press 10. Viner, Jacob. 1994. Power versus plenty as objectives of foreign policy in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, World Politics, No.1 p.11

Amy Chua Hanna Rosen Essay

Amy Chua and Hannah Rosin: a comparison and contrast of parenting styles In recent years, Yale professor Amy Chua has drawn a great deal of attention due to her focus on a parenting style that is foreign – both figuratively and literally – to most Western parents. This style centers on a Chinese model that Chua espouses, and that has become famous, or infamous, for the stern and rigorous practices that Chua enforced with her own two daughters. Chua has received a large amount of criticism; one of her critics is Hannah Rosin, a prominent writer and editor. In response to Chua, Rosin outlines an alternative method of parenting. It can be argued that while both Chua and Rosin are involved and devoted mothers, they have distinctly contrasting views on how to raise children. There are three areas in which this contrast can be most clearly seen: attitudes to success, attitudes to self-esteem, and attitudes to happiness. Amy Chua’s model of parenting has success at its core. Chua sums up the Chinese approach to activities in this way: â€Å"What Chinese parents understand is that nothing is fun until you’re good at it† (Chua, 2011). With this as a mantra, Chua promotes an extremely rigorous approach to such activities as learning a musical instrument; she believes that two or three hours of practicing an instrument daily is appropriate for young children. Furthermore, Chua believes that parents should not give their children any choice over which musical instruments to learn; the violin and piano are the only acceptable choices, regardless of the child’s natural talent or predilection. This approach is also evident in academics. Chua says, â€Å"†¦the vast majority of Chinese mothers†¦believe their children can be ‘the best’ students, that ‘academic achievement reflects successful parenting’ and that if children did not excel at school there was ‘a problem’ and parents ‘were not doing their job’† (Chua, 2011). Hannah Rosin takes a distinctly different approach to success, one that is arguably more reflective of Western attitudes in general. Rosin says, â€Å"Ms. Chua has the diagnosis of American childhood exactly backward. What privileged American children need is not more skills and rules and math drills. They need to lighten up and roam free, to express themselves in ways  not dictated by their uptight, over-invested parents† (Rosin, 2011). In Rosin’s view, Chua’s version of success is ultimately very limiting. Rosin doesn’t argue that success is a negative thing in and of itself; however, her looser, freer approach suggests that it can be achieved differently. Another area where Rosin and Chua differ from each other is in their approach to self-esteem and the way in which parents should treat their children. Chua openly admits that it is common for Chinese parents to make comments to their children that Western parents find reprehensible, such as â€Å"Hey fatty, lose some weight†, or referring to a child as â€Å"garbage† (Chua, 2011). However, Chua defends these comments by arguing that in fact, Chinese parents speak in this way because ultimately, they believe that their children are capable of being the â€Å"best†. She contends that Chinese children know that their parents think highly of them, and criticize them only because they have high expectations and know that their children can meet them. Hannah Rosin disagrees. She says, â€Å"†¦there is no reason to believe that calling your child ‘lazy’ or ‘stupid’ or ‘worthless’ is a better way to motivate her to be good than some other more gentle but persistent mode’† (Rosin, 2011). She believes that a parent’s role is not to act as a harsh critic and task master, but rather to guide them through the inevitable difficulties of life that arise. Unlike Chua, Rosin is not concerned with forcing her children to be â€Å"the best†. Rather, she says that â€Å"It is better to have a happy, moderately successful child than a miserable high-achiever† (Rosin, 2011). It is in this area, pertaining to notions of happiness that Chua and Rosin depart most distinctly from each other. It can be argued that the idea of happiness is almost completely absent from Amy Chua’s template. Chua says, â€Å"Chinese parents believe that they know that is best for their children and therefore override all of their children’s own desires and preferences† (Chua, 2011). In other words, the feelings or preference of the child as an individual are lacking completely from the Chinese framework of parenting. The child’s happiness, or misery, is completely irrelevant, because the  parent is the supreme authority, acting in the child’s best interest. Chua claims, â€Å"It’s not that Chinese parents don’t care about their children , just the opposite. They would give up anything for their children† (Chua, 2011). However, the one thing that Chua and other parents will not give up is complete authoritarian control. Rosin takes an entirely different approach to the value of individual happiness. She observes that happiness does not come through being successful; furthermore, â€Å"happiness is the great human quest† (Rosin, 2011). Parents cannot possibly always be in a position to know what will make a child happy or not; children must work out their own path to happiness (Rosin, 2011). Rosin believes that an over-emphasis on perfection will not lead to greater happiness and may even create less happiness in the end. In conclusion, it is undeniable that both Amy Chua and Hannah Rosin love their children and believe that their approach to parenting is based on a desire to do what is best for those children. However, the two approaches present a sharp contrast to each other. Amy Chua believes that success, perfection and being â€Å"the best† are of paramount importance, and will ultimately build a child’s self-esteem (Chua, 2011). Hannah Rosin is critical of the harshness of the Chinese template and argues for a gentler approach, one that takes the natural interests and talent of the child into account (Rosin, 2011). Rosin notes that the idea of enjoyment or happiness is strikingly absent from Chua’s parenting style; in turn, Chua observes that many Western parents are disappointed with the choices that their children make in their lives (Rosin, 2011; Chua, 2011). It can be argued that both the Eastern approach and Western approach have a great deal to offer each other; a wise parent knows how to walk a middle ground.

The Western Culture Of Thinness Architecture Essay

Every society has a manner of tormenting its adult females, whether bybinding their pess or by lodging them into baleen corsets.What modern-day American civilization has come up with is designerjeans. † Anorexia nervosa ( AN ) is an eating upset most normally impacting adolescent adult females. The diagnostic standards for anorexia is defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical manual of the American Psychiatric Association 4th erectile dysfunction ( DSM-IV ) as inordinate dieting or exercising taking to extreme weight loss for age, tallness and gender, a refusal to derive weight, perturbation in organic structure form perceptual experience and amenorrhoea. The implicit in cause of AN is believed to be psychopathic, with recent biomedical research stressing a biological position, where a specific cistron, molecule or encephalon part is sought out to lend to the biological footing of AN. Subsequently there is much attempt put into the development and licensing of possible ‘anti-anorexic ‘ pharmaceutical drugs. However, the general deficiency of success of effectual drugs for handling AN points to more than a simple biological cause to AN. It has been suggested ( Bordo ) tha t the abnormal psychologies behind AN are a set of peculiarly symptoms that arise from within a cultural model, viz. the Western civilization. In kernel, AN may be labeled a psychiatric upset that manifested as a consequence of the influence of Western ideals of beauty and organic structure types. Western society ‘s immature adolescent adult females are peculiarly vulnerable to these portraitures of organic structure types and therefore demo the highest incidence of AN. Furthermore, in recent old ages AN has become a transcultural upset, impacting civilizations influenced by Western civilization or presently undergoing Westernization such as the Chinese, Nipponese, Fijians and African Americans, where AN had one time been unheard of. Yet, it has been argued that AN can non be seen purely as a Western culture-bound syndrome as there have been more and more studies of eating upsets bearing diagnostic resemblance to AN afflicting adult females in non-Western civilizations and eve n certain groups of people within Western civilizations. The separating feature of these fluctuations of AN is their cause, which is extremely individualised, changing from personal hurt to traditional and spiritual grounds. Importantly, these fluctuations do non associate to a deformed perceptual experience of the organic structure nor an irrational fright of deriving weight, proposing that the current definition for AN is limited and assumes that AN is a cosmopolitan experience. Therefore, although AN is considered a psychiatric upset, it can non be viewed entirely from a biological or psychological position, but instead from within a transcultural context, one which encompasses the influences of Western civilization on perceptual experiences of the organic structure every bit good as the particular, individualised grounds that arise from within other civilizations.Paragraph 1: The Western Culture of ThinnessAnorexia is considered a Western culture-bound phenomenon as a consequenc e of the current sociopolitical demands placed upon adult females in respects to the ideals of beauty, organic structure forms, and feminism, every bit good as the typical feeding behavior found in most households and the excess of available nutrient. The term culture-bound denotes a limitation of a phenomenon within a peculiar cultural group due to specific societal, political, civilization and psychological factors from within that civilization. It has been shown that most American adult females are preoccupied with their weight. Subsequently, anorexia has been presented as an extreme to the nation-wide preoccupation with weight and organic structure image ( Banks ) . Historically, the construct of the ideal female organic structure was unstable, altering with the political and economic clime, which affected cultural values and therefore attitudes toward female organic structures. During the colonial epoch, the battle to last in a rough environment favoured strong, fertile, able-b odied adult females who were capable of helping with jobs every bit good as bearing many kids to increase household size. Timess changed in the nineteenth century, nevertheless, with the debut of a more comfy life-style, the fraility of adult females and the innovation of the girdle. Womans who appeared vulnerable, thin and frail were considered to hold the ideal lady-like properties that were desirable. This tendency changed in the twentieth century when the waifish expression became popular, where adult females balked at long frocks and subservience to work forces in favor of short hair, bloomerss and an androgynous, thin, waifish expression that represented their freedom. Since so, there has been a cultural tendency towards tenuity, with celebrated theoretical accounts such as Twiggy going family graven images, climaxing in today ‘s nation-wide compulsion with ‘weight-watching, ‘ ‘calorie-counting ‘ and ‘dieting. ‘ It is the mass media po rtraiture of the ideal thin female organic structure as attractive, desirable and healthy that has farther perpetuated the ‘culture of tenuity. ‘ The chief marks of these cultural ‘fads ‘ are adolescent and adolescent adult females, who besides have the highest incidence of anorexia. Recently, the incidence of AN has increased in pre-teen and adolescent misss, as they are frequently the chief mark audience for a assortment of media, which present unrealistic outlooks of their organic structure forms. Dysfunctional kineticss within a household have besides been attributed for this tendency of increasing AN incidence in younger misss. Fashion magazines frequently depict thin adult females to be desirable and healthy, telecasting ads promote the latest technological innovation that helps a adult female lose weight and the Internet offers infinite web sites with tips on ‘eating healthy, ‘ maintaining off the ‘fat, ‘ appetite suppressants a nd ‘0 calorie ‘ dietetic addendums. Particularly noteworthy are the ‘pro-anorexia ‘ web sites that proclaim AN to be a lifestyle pick, offer advice on weight direction, effectual dieting schemes and community support promoting AN. This barrage of societal and cultural outlooks to be thin in order to be attractive has predominated Western civilization since the nineteenth century. The coming of mass media has exacerbated these outlooks, ensuing in the addition of incidence of AN every bit good as other eating upsets, peculiarly in immature misss and adult females. Thus the psychiatric jobs behind anorexia may be described as a set of peculiar symptoms that arise from within a cultural model – the Western civilization of tenuity. Futhermore, there have been an increasing figure of studies of AN in non-Western populations, disputing the impression that AN is a Western culture-bound syndrome. This tendency is attributed to the exposure of non-Western civilizations to Western civilization via mass media ( Nasser, 1994 ) . One survey has shown that Hispanic and African American misss exhibit AN, influenced by their exposure to Western media, proposing that AN is a psychiatric upset that transcends cultural and socioeconomic boundaries. It was originally believed that the mentioned group of people were ‘protected ‘ by modern Western influences, due to their tradition of encompassing larger, racy adult females. Yet, a survey conducted by Becker found that the Fijians ‘ construct of the female organic structure has been to a great extent influenced by the Western civilization of tenuity. There were no studies of eating upsets in the Fijian population until 1995, when an international telecasting st ation was broadcasted for the first clip, picturing Western media. Three old ages subsequently, studies of dissatisifation with organic structure image, attempts to command weight such as dieting and self-induced emesis were seen, proposing that these Fijian adult females were influenced by the Western cultural ideals of the perfect organic structure and possibly could non separate between the world telecasting presented and true world. Despite a tradition of favorably sing racy adult females, a few old ages exposure to Western cultural and perceptual experiences of beauty have significantly impacted the Fijians. Similarly, a survey conducted by Nasser on the prevalence of AN in teenage Egyptian misss in Cairo indicated that despite traditional Egyptian values of larger, fertile adult females, handiness to Western constructs of the ideal organic structure type through mass media has culturally assimilated immature Egyptian adult females. These findings highlight a phenomenon known a s planetary civilization, where the universe is connected via media, leting cultural values to be readily accessible by other civilizations across the Earth. Such a phenomenon points to the significance of handling AN as non merely arising from Western civilizations, but a upset that transcends cultural boundaries. As good, surveies have indicated that assimilation of immigrants into the Western civilization and version to the expected norms and values on organic structure image and constructs of beauty has contributed to the addition in incidence of AN in non-Western groups. In contrast, other surveies have shown that those who live by their ain civilization whilst life in a Western civilization compared to those who have acculturized show an increased incidence of AN. The coincident being of two civilizations consequences in a ‘culture clang, ‘ which has been theorized to lend to greater internal struggle with respects to self-identity and therefore higher sensitivity to anxiety about self-image and addition in incidence of AN. Mumford and Whitehouse have shown that Asiatic misss in the United Kingdom that have non acculturated are less satisified with their organic structure image and later more susceptible to eating upsets, such as AN. These findings interestingly point to the i nfluence of a non-Western civilization non as protective, but exacerbative of eating upsets. Another study by Bryant-Waugh and Lask confirm this theory of civilization clang by describing specific AN instances in more traditional Asiatic kids populating in the UK. They claim that the more traditional the household kineticss are and imposed traditional cultural values, the higher the hazard of sociocultural struggle. It has been argued that the values portrayed by Western civilization, specifically the nexus between slim, thin organic structure forms to attractiveness and wellness, typify socioeconomic patterned advance, societal position, societal credence every bit good as self-denial, release and self-denial to less developed states every bit good as states presently undergoing Westernization. There is a preoccupation with the Western civilization in these states as it is believed that following their values and beliefs will let them to place with socioeconomic patterned advance, higher societal position and societal credence. Streigel-Moore points out that African American groups within the United States have shown increasing incidence of AN, stemming from a desire to take part in the ‘white universe, ‘ despite traditional values of fuller-figured adult females.Paragraph 3: Simpson. Kleinman.The prevalent biomedical definition of anorexia as a psychiatric upset characterized by fa t phobic disorders and deformed position on organic structure image has been argued to itself be a cultural building within the confines of the Western civilization. This suggests a demand to follow a culturally-sensitive definition of AN. Fat-phobia is the specifying symptom in AN, but at that place have been histories of those with an eating upset really similar to AN, except for the obvious deficiency of fat-phobia. Simpson argues that the belief that Western civilization influences the constructs of organic structure image of other cultural groups suggests cultural homogeneousness and that civilization is the exclusive factor in AN. She presents studies of Chinese adult females enduring from AN who do non describe fat-phobia. Rather, they attribute chronic epigastric bloating and a loss of appetency to their disinclination to eat. In another instance, a adult female refuses to eat after being separated from her fellow, mentioning abdominal uncomfortablenesss and a neutrality in nutrient. These psychosomatic symptoms are a consequence of somatization ( Kleinman ) , where the unwellness symptoms of AN manifests from societal jobs, instead than dissatisfaction of organic structure form and a desire to lose weight. Psychosomatic symptoms are normally reported in the Chinese population and contribute to the etiology of AN, although they are non included in the DSM-IV standards for AN. Furthermore, some adult females from conservative spiritual fundamentalist backgrounds have been cited to abstain from nutrient, as a consequence of their beliefs about nutrient, the organic structure, muliebrity and spiritualty. This points to the thought that AN is non a cosmopolitan experience. AN is non merely defined by Western cultural values and explicating it within a culture-bound context establishes a limited position of the upset that does non take into history the personal factors that contribute to AN. Thus, AN must be understood within a holistic model that includes the influence of local biological sciences in Decisions:Definitions of anorexia must embrace single grounds for anorexia and non presume fat phobic disorder. Diagnoses must be more culturally sensitive and take into history the cultural context of anorexia. Local biological sciences act upon how anorexia arises as a psychological disease. Decision:

Cmgt/554 Week 2

Patton-Fuller Community Hospital IT Department Patton-Fuller Community Hospital IT Department In order for an organization to be able to have an efficient and successful organization the proper Information Technology system (IT) must be in place, this document will demonstrate what system is in place to make sure system is running successfully. Patton-Fuller Community Hospital is a prominent hospital that is known for specializing in pharmacy, radiology, surgery, and physical therapy.This community hospital has numerous departments and each has a different IT need, so understanding which programs will work and be compatible is their major objective. The patients of Patton-Fuller Hospital are accustomed to the quality service that the hospital provides with a focus on the different programs and services to help maintain a high degree of concern for its patients. Patton-Fuller Community Hospital has an great quantity of technology and can be divided into many different areas providing an in-depth review of the advancements and shortfalls of organization.Understanding the OSI model is important to getting the proper IT system job done, so knowing how to fit these elements together to form working system is what will be explained. The networking department has the challenge of breaking down the current infrastructure to ensure a comprehensive analysis is done to provide a solution that will last for the three to five years. A major goal of the hospital is to protect the personal information of the patients who fall under the guidelines of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA).HIPAA requires the protection and confidential handling of protected health information (â€Å"Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act†,  2012). To make sure that standards are meet, Patton-Fuller uses an encrypted storage system known as Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) (Apollo Group, 2011). According to  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Encryption Algorithms†Ã‚  (2012), Encryption is the process of converting a plaintext message into cipher text which can be decoded back into the original message. An encryption algorithm along with a key is used in the encryption and decryption of data.There are several types of data encryptions which form the basis of network security. Encryption schemes are based on block or stream ciphers. The hospital transmits information off a network called 1000Base-T. The information is s broken down to other departments such as Radiology, which uses a section of this network called 1000BaseF. â€Å"1000BASE-T is Gigabit Ethernet (1 gigabit is 1000 megabits per second) on copper cables, using four pairs of Category 5 unshielded twisted pair to achieve the gigabit data rate. 000BASE-T can be used in data centers for server switching, for uplinks from desktop computer switches, or directly to the desktop for broadband applications (Apollo Group, 2011). The nodes of the administrative function network utilize CAT 6 cabling. The connection point of the administrative functions network are connected to an Ethernet backbone. A single mode fiber cable, transmitting 1000 Base F, physically connects nodes attached to the clinical segment. The nodes attached to the clinical function segment is physically linked by single mode fiber cable and transmitting 1000 Base F.Both segments connect via a network bridge (Apollo Group, 2011). A DHCP server provides all workstations on the administrative function sectors with IP addresses. This is a good security practice to apply for the network black/white and color laser printers that utilize a static IP, so the MAC address is registered with the DHCP server to prevent malicious activity that would harm the networks and the DHCP service is run on the Exchange Server housed in the IT data center (Apollo Group, 2011).The Radiology department has special needs to be able to manage pictures and archive them. Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM) is one of the standards used by the Radiology department along with the Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) to run the flow of work. The Patton-Fuller Community Hospital runs this type of photo technology to be able to determine what the situation is with patients that are requiring images to determine the problem that the patient is facing (Apollo Group, 2011).Patton-Fuller Community Hospital uses layers 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 of the OSI model. The OSI model is broken into seven layers that play a major important role in how the model functions on a functioning level. Patton-Fuller Hospital uses certain layers of the model, below is the function of each layer: Layer 1: Physical – This is the level of the actual hardware. It defines the physical characteristics of the network such as connections, voltage levels and timing.Layer 3: Network – The way that the data will be sent to the recipient device is determined in this layer. Logical protocols, routing and ad dressing are handled here. Layer 4: Transport  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ This layer maintains  flow control  of data and provides for error checking and recovery of data between the devices. Layer 5: Session – Layer 5 establishes, maintains and ends communication with the receiving device. Layer 6: Presentation – Layer 6 takes the data provided by the Application layer and converts it into a standard format that the other layers can understand.Layer 7: Application – This is the layer that actually interacts with the operating system or application whenever the user chooses to transfer files, read messages or performs other network-related activities (Bhagchandani,  2011). The hospitals IT data center uses a Cisco router model, at the transport layer it is responsible for breaking large strings of data into manageable smaller packets. Error checking and elimination of duplicate packets is done at this layer as well.Patton-Fuller Community Hospital utilizes a network gatew ay device to interface both their clinical and administrative networks, along with the Internet Bhagchandani,  2011). Patton-Fuller Community Hospital also has a backbone infrastructure provides providing enough bandwidth to support video and other high quality of service services, these services are provided by most major hospitals across the nation so Patton must make sure that services provided can be achieved with a good system.However it does not have the necessary requirements for future needs. With the sale and deployment of networked equipment within the medical industry it is becoming more apparent that Patton-Fuller Community Hospital invest their future to be able to keep up with hospitals that provide these same services at a faster speed Patton-Fuller Community Hospital has the backbone infrastructure that provides sufficient bandwidth to support video and other high quality of service services. However it does not have the necessary requirements for future needs.With the sale and deployment of networked tools within the medical industry it is becoming more obvious that Patton-Fuller Community Hospital should think about investing in means of more bandwidth for further years. The whole system that the hospital uses takes the layers of the model and uses them as needed, information is pasted through the cables that in turn break the information down so that it can be divided into different operating systems for translation to doctors, nurses, insurance companies, lawyers, and more.The information is formatting so that it can be passed internally and externally. The layers in use by the hospital make it possible for the photo imagery to be sent via the chains in and out of the hospital to individuals who have a need to know. While using all the layers that they use the first priority of the day is to make sure each layer is safe to use for the reason that HIPPA information being shipped to different areas in and outside the hospital should always be secure.Any organization today must understand the OSI model and what goes into making a system work so that they are able to set their IT department in the most useful approach to flow great with the work being provided. Patton-Fuller Hospital understands that they have needs of privacy and being able to pass this delicate information to sources outside the hospital so they have chosen the systems that fit their needs. There are many different types of protocols that Patton-Fuller Community Hospital can benefit from to improve the services they provide to their patients and make it an easier job for its employees.Staying up-to-date with the technology that is present today will be able to help Patton-Fuller do that. References Bhagchandani, R. (2011). Networking Cheat Sheet . Retrieved from http://www. climbupon. com/stuffs/techmenu/45-networking-cheat-sheet? &lang=en_us&output=json&session-id=6030d5bf6d0f58e0de3ea68fb6a8c6e8 Encryption algorithms. (2012). Retrieved f rom http://www. networksorcery. com/enp/data/encryption. htm Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. (2012). Retrieved from http://www. dhcs. ca. gov/formsandpubs/laws/hipaa/Pages/1. 00%20WhatisHIPAA. aspx